Gerlinger u. a.: Gene Doping

Katrin Gerlinger, Thomas Petermann, Arnold Sauter

Gene Doping
Scientific Basis – Gateways – Monitoring

Berlin: Büro für Technikfolgen-Abschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag (TAB), 2009
Series: Technology Assessment Studies Series, No 3, 158 pages
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The Committee's Preface						5
Summary						7
I	Introduction					21
II	Gene Doping: Scientific Basis and Perspectives of Use					27
		1	Current situation: limits and targets			27
				1.1	Relevant knowldege about high-performance variants	28
				1.2	Gene regulation – target for gene doping	30
				1.3	Gene therapy: principle and approach	32
				1.4	Gene doping – in the narrow and broad senses	36
		2	Potential biological targets for gene doping			38
				2.1	Skeletal muscle	39
				2.2	Modulation of oxygen supply	46
				2.3	Modulation of energy supply	50
				2.4	Overview of Gene doping methods	53
				2.5	Development projects in the field of gene therapy	55
		3	Specific health risks?			59
		4	Perspectives of use			63
				4.1	Routes of access	63
				4.2	Access points and diffusion factors	66
III	Detectability and Test Development					69
		1	Detectability			70
				1.1	Direct methods of detection	70
				1.2	Indirect methods of detection	73
		2	Requirements of (gene) doping tests			77
IV	Gene Doping: Prohibition and control Procedures					81
		1	The World Anti-Doping Code: the international legal basis for sports organizations and public authorities			82
		2	The NADA Code: the legal basis for sport in Germany			87
				2.1	Statutes of association of sports organizations	88
				2.2	Doping control procedures	91
				2.3	Limits to the doping control process	101
				2.4	Other approaches to doping control	106
		3	(Gene) doping in the context of public law			107
				3.1	International agreements	108
				3.2	German law	109
V	Doping Behavior in its social setting					115
		1	Competitive sport			116
				1.1	Attitudes and behavior	116
				1.2	The athlete’s milieu	126
		2	Individual sport			134
				2.1	Bodybuilding	134
				2.2	Excursus: older athletes	138
VI	Need for Information and Action					141
Bibliograhpy						145
		1	Commissioned expert reports			145
		2	Other sources			145
Appendix						153
		1	List of tables			153
		2	List of figures			153

Gene Doping Scientific Basis – Gateways – Monitoring

Contents

Gene Doping
Scientific Basis – Gateways – Monitoring