Grünwald: Greenhouse Gas – Bury it into Oblivion

Reinhard Grünwald

Greenhouse Gas – Bury it into Oblivion
Options and Risks of CO₂ Capture and Storage

Berlin: Büro für Technikfolgen-Abschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag (TAB), 2009
Series: Technology Assessment Studies Series, No 2, 142 pages
[ Titelbild / jpg ] [ Full text / pdf ] [ Preface / htm ] [ Summary / htm ]

The Committee's Preface						5
Summary						11
I	Introduction					21
II	State of the Art					25
		1	CO2 capture			26
				1.1	Post-combustion	27
				1.2	Pre-combustion	28
				1.3	Oxyfuel process	30
				1.4	Innovative CO2-separation processes	30
		2	Transport			32
		3	CO2 storage			35
				3.1	Geological storage – mechanisms and options	35
				3.2	Other storage options	39
III	Potentials, Risks, Costs					41
		1	Potentials for geological CO2 storage			41
				1.1	Estimated potentials	41
				1.2	Constraints, competing usage rights	43
				1.3	Research needs	45
		2	Risks, environmental impact			46
		3	Costs, competitiveness			51
				3.1	CO2 capture	51
				3.2	CO2 transport	54
				3.3	CO2 storage	55
				3.4	Costs of monitoring, liability, remediation	57
				3.5	Total costs and competitiveness	57
IV	Integration of CCS into the Energy System					63
		1	Need for power-plant renewals			63
		2	Timeframe for the availability of CCS			64
		3	Retrofitting with CO2-capture technologies			66
				3.1	Capture-ready	67
				3.2	Market diffusion of CCS technologies	70
		4	International Perspective			71
V	Public Opinion and Acceptance					75
		1	Positions of stakeholders			76
		2	Promoting acceptance			82
VI	Legal Issues					85
		1	Tasks and objectives of a legal framework for CCS			85
		2	Analysis of the current legal framework			86
				2.1	CO2 capture	87
				2.2	CO2 transport	89
				2.3	CO2 injection and storage	90
				2.4	Procedural requirements	94
				2.5	Liability for damage associated with capture, transport and storage	94
		3	How to make CCS legally admissible?			95
				3.1	Interim solution to enable research and trial projects	96
				3.2	Fundamentals of a long-term regulatory framework for CCS	100
		4	How to make CCS economically attractive?			104
				4.1	Framework convention on climate change and Kyoto protocol	104
				4.2	Incentive framework in the context of Germany and the EU	106
VII	Need for Action					115
VIII	Bibliography					121
		1	Commissioned expert reports			121
		2	Other sources			121
Annex						135
		1	List of tables			135
		2	List of figures			135
		3	List of abbreviations			136
		4	Glossary			138

Greenhouse Gas – Bury it into Oblivion Options and Risks of CO2 Capture and Storage

Contents

Greenhouse Gas – Bury it into Oblivion
Options and Risks of CO₂ Capture and Storage