M. Achternbosch, K.-R. Bräutigam, M. Gleis, N. Hartlieb, C. Kupsch, U. Richers, P. Stemmermann
Karlsruhe: Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe 2003
(Wissenschaftliche Berichte, FZKA 6923)
[Volltext/pdf (1 917 kb)]
[Abstract/htm]
[Zusammenfassung/htm]
Contents
| 1 | Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.1 | Problem definition | 1 | ||
| 1.2 | Fundamentals of the Production and Use of Cement | 3 | ||
| 1.3 | Aim and strategy of the investigation | 10 | ||
| 2 | Transfer of trace elements into cement and concrete: material flow analyses | 15 | ||
| 2.1 | Generation of a database | 15 | ||
| 2.2 | Average input of trace elements in cement: the top-down approach | 18 | ||
| 2.2.1 | Methodology of the top-down approach | 18 | ||
| 2.2.2 | Trace element concentrations of raw meal, clinker, and cement | 21 | ||
| 2.2.3 | Identification of the input pathways of trace elements into cement | 23 | ||
| 2.3 | Sensitivity analysis of trace element inputs. Determination of the ranges of contribution of different input pathways | 30 | ||
| 2.3.1 | Procedure | 30 | ||
| 2.3.2 | Density function and frequency distribution of selected trace element concentrations in cement | 32 | ||
| 2.3.3 | Methodological approach to performing a sensitivity analysis | 35 | ||
| 2.3.4 | Contributions of individual input paths to the trace element concentration of Portland cement and blastfurnace cement | 36 | ||
| 2.4 | Range of trace element concentrations in cement: the bottom-up approach | 39 | ||
| 2.4.1 | Methodology of the bottom-up approach | 39 | ||
| 2.4.2 | Trace element concentrations of Portland cement and blastfurnace cement and percentage shares of the individual classes of input materials in the total trace element concentrations | 43 | ||
| 2.5 | Own Cement Analyses | 52 | ||
| 2.6 | Estimation of trace element transfer into concrete | 54 | ||
| 2.6.1 | Methodological approach | 54 | ||
| 2.6.2 | Trace element concentrations of concrete | 56 | ||
| 2.7 | A summary of the results gained by material flow analyses | 63 | ||
| 3 | Bonding, hydration, mobilisation: incorporation of trace elements in Portland cement, concrete, and their weathering products | 66 | ||
| 3.1 | Trace element concentrations of various cement hydrates | 67 | ||
| 3.1.1 | Phase inventory of Portland cement | 68 | ||
| 3.1.2 | Bonding and concentration of trace elements in various cement phases | 69 | ||
| 3.1.3 | Reaction of Portland cement phases with water as a function of time | 75 | ||
| 3.1.4 | Estimation of the trace element concentration of primary hydrate phases in hardened cement paste | 77 | ||
| 3.2 | Trace element sources in concrete | 78 | ||
| 3.3 | Medium-term mobility of trace elements from concrete | 82 | ||
| 3.3.1 | Release of trace elements into the mixing water | 82 | ||
| 3.3.2 | Mobility of trace elements during service life | 83 | ||
| 3.4 | Weathering and ageing of hardened cement paste during and after service life | 84 | ||
| 3.4.1 | Model of the long-term ageing of hardened cement paste | 84 | ||
| 3.4.2 | Behaviour of specific trace elements in the cement system | 88 | ||
| 3.4.3 | Estimation of the long-term mobility of trace elements from the hardened cement paste in concrete | 99 | ||
| 3.5 | Mobilisation scenarios for trace elements following the demolition of a concrete building | 101 | ||
| 3.5.1 | Coarse fraction | 101 | ||
| 3.5.2 | Fine fraction | 102 | ||
| 3.5.3 | Concrete dust from surface remediation - "sandblasting" | 103 | ||
| 3.5.4 | Landfill disposal | 103 | ||
| 3.6 | Summary | 105 | ||
| 4 | Future Prospects | 107 | ||
| 4.1 | Trends concerning material flows | 107 | ||
| 4.1.1 | Use of secondary raw materials and secondary fuels from 1998 to 2001 | 107 | ||
| 4.1.2 | Effect of secondary materials used in 2001 on the trace element input into cement | 111 | ||
| 4.1.3 | Use of secondary raw materials and fuels in other European countries | 112 | ||
| 4.1.4 | Future development of waste utilisation | 116 | ||
| 4.2 | Research need | 117 | ||
| 5 | Legal bases: legal and technical regulations, standards, and requirements for construction products | 121 | ||
| 5.1 | Construction legislation | 121 | ||
| 5.1.1 | Construction product act and Construction product directive | 121 | ||
| 5.1.2 | Interpretive Documents | 123 | ||
| 5.1.3 | Interpretive Documents | 124 | ||
| 5.1.4 | Construction Products Lists | 125 | ||
| 5.2 | Standards, regulations, and data sheets | 125 | ||
| 5.2.1 | DIN-EN system 197 | 125 | ||
| 5.2.2 | DIN system 1164 | 127 | ||
| 5.2.3 | DIN-EN system 196 | 127 | ||
| 5.2.4 | Standards relating to concrete | 128 | ||
| 5.2.5 | DIN EN 450 and fly ashes | 129 | ||
| 5.2.6 | Future modifications of construction product standards | 131 | ||
| 5.2.7 | Technical Regulations for hazardous materials | 131 | ||
| 5.2.8 | Guideline Assessment of the effects of construction products on soil and groundwater | 132 | ||
| 5.3 | Waste legislation | 136 | ||
| 5.3.1 | RAL quality label "secondary fuels" | 138 | ||
| 5.3.2 | RAL quality label "recycling products from used wood" | 140 | ||
| 5.4 | Immission Control Legislation | 140 | ||
| 5.4.1 | VDI regulation 2094 | 143 | ||
| 6 | Summary and Conclusion | 145 | ||
| 7 | Excursus: emission and transfer factors | 150 | ||
| 7.1 | Survey | 150 | ||
| 7.2 | Black-box method | 150 | ||
| 7.3 | Incorporation rate times separation efficiency method | 151 | ||
| 7.4 | Derivation of emission and transfer factors by modelling a two-stage system | 152 | ||
| 7.5 | Data on emission and transfer factors | 154 | ||
| 7.6 | Evaluation of emission and transfer factors | 156 | ||
| 8 | References | 158 | ||
| 9 | Annex | 171 | ||