Achternbosch, M.; Richers, U.
Karlsruhe: Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe 2002
(Wissenschaftliche Berichte, FZKA 6726)
Contents
| 1 | Introduction | 1 | ||
| 2 | Focus of Work | 2 | ||
| 3 | Technology for Combustion | 4 | ||
| 4 | Chemical Engineering for Flue Gas Cleaning | 5 | ||
| 4.1 | Introduction | 5 | ||
| 4.2 | Fly Ash Separation | 6 | ||
| 4.2.1 | Cyclone | 7 | ||
| 4.2.2 | Fabric Filter | 7 | ||
| 4.2.3 | Electrostatic Precipitator | 8 | ||
| 4.2.4 | Comparison of Separators | 10 | ||
| 4.3 | Separation of acid pollutants | 11 | ||
| 4.3.1 | Dry Flue Gas Cleanaing | 11 | ||
| 4.3.2 | Semi dry Separation | 13 | ||
| 4.3.3 | Wet Separation | 13 | ||
| 4.4 | Removal of nitrogen oxides | 16 | ||
| 4.4.1 | SCR Process | 16 | ||
| 4.4.2 | SNCR Process | 19 | ||
| 4.5 | Other Flue Gas Cleaning Methods | 20 | ||
| 4.5.1 | Carbon Adsorber | 20 | ||
| 4.5.2 | Entrained flow reactor | 21 | ||
| 4.5.3 | Dosing of coke | 22 | ||
| 4.5.4 | Oxidation Catalyst | 22 | ||
| 5 | Description of the Model Plant | 24 | ||
| 5.1 | Furnace and Boiler | 24 | ||
| 5.2 | Selection of balanced flue gas cleaning systems | 26 | ||
| 6 | Description of the Balancing Method | 29 | ||
| 6.1 | System boundary | 29 | ||
| 6.2 | Substances Balanced | 30 | ||
| 6.3 | Sources of the Data Used for Materials Balancing | 32 | ||
| 6.4 | Procedure | 32 | ||
| 6.4.1 | Fly Ash Separation | 33 | ||
| 6.4.2 | Wet Flue Gas Cleaning | 36 | ||
| 6.4.3 | Semi Wet Flue Gas Cleaning | 37 | ||
| 6.4.4 | Semi Dry Flue Gas Cleaning | 38 | ||
| 6.4.5 | Stoichiometric Ratio | 38 | ||
| 6.4.6 | Other Separation Units - Fine Cleaning | 39 | ||
| 6.4.7 | Clean Gas Data | 41 | ||
| 7 | Balances of the Flue Gas Cleaning Systems | 43 | ||
| 7.1 | Model Plant "wet 1" | 43 | ||
| 7.2 | Model Plant "wet 2" | 48 | ||
| 7.3 | Model Plant "wet 3" | 52 | ||
| 7.4 | Model Plant "wet 4" | 57 | ||
| 7.5 | Model Plant "wet 5" | 60 | ||
| 7.6 | Model Plant "wet 6" | 65 | ||
| 7.7 | Model Plant "semi wet 1" | 70 | ||
| 7.8 | Model Plant "semi wet 2" | 74 | ||
| 7.9 | Model Plant "semi dry 1" | 76 | ||
| 7.10 | Model Plant "semi dry 2" | 80 | ||
| 8 | Use of Auxiliary Chemicals in the Model Plants | 83 | ||
| 8.1 | The Neutralization Agents NaOH and Ca(OH)2 | 83 | ||
| 8.2 | Coke-containing Auxiliary Chemicals | 84 | ||
| 8.3 | Heavy-metal Precipitant TMT-15TM | 84 | ||
| 8.4 | Ammonia Solution | 85 | ||
| 8.5 | Total Consumption of Auxiliary Chemicals | 86 | ||
| 9 | Residues and Effluents Arising in the Model Systems | 88 | ||
| 9.1 | Residues of Wet Processes | 88 | ||
| 9.2 | Residues of Semi Wet Processes | 89 | ||
| 9.3 | Residues of Semi Dry Processes | 90 | ||
| 9.4 | Total Amounts of Residues Arising in the Model Plants | 90 | ||
| 10 | Investment Costs | 92 | ||
| 10.1 | General Preliminary Remarks | 92 | ||
| 10.2 | Procedure and Data Sources | 93 | ||
| 10.3 | Cost Calculation | 94 | ||
| 10.4 | Survey of Costs | 97 | ||
| 11 | Summary of Results | 99 | ||
| 12 | Conclusions | 103 | ||
| 13 | References | 104 | ||